In the preparation of this essay, I have been much indebted to the "Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan", and especially to the following contributions: -
(ON THE SUBJECT OF SHINTO)
"The Revival of Pure Shinto," by Sir Ernest Satow, - Appendix to Vol. III.
"The Shinto Temples of Ise," by Satow, - Vol. II.
"Ancient Japanese Rituals," by Satow, - Vols. VII and IX.
"Japanese Funeral Rites," by A. H. Lay, - Vol. XIX.
(ON THE SUBJECT OF LAW AND CUSTOM)
"Notes on Land Tenure and Local Institutions in Old Japan," by Dr. D. B. Simmons. Edited by Professor J. H. Wigmore, - Vol. XIX.
"Materials for the Study of Private Law in Old Japan," by Professor J. H. Wigmore, - Vol. XX, Supplements 1, 2, 3, 5.
(ON THE CHRISTIAN EPISODE OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH
CENTURIES)
"The Church at Yamaguchi from 1550 to 1586," by Satow, - Vol. VII.
"Review of the Introduction of Christianity into China and Japan," by J. H. Gubbins, - Vol. VI.
"Historical Notes on Nagasaki," by W. A. Wooley, - Vol. IX.
"The Arima Rebellion," by Dr. Geertz, - Vol. IX.
(ON JAPANESE HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGY)
"Early Japanese History," by W. G. Aston, - Vol. XVI.
"The Feudal System of Japan under the Tokugawa Shoguns," by J. H. Gubbins, - Vol. XV.
- The extracts quoted from "The Legacy of Iyeyasu" have been taken from the translation made by J. F. Lowder.
- I regret not having been able, in preparing this essay, to avail myself of the very remarkable "History of Japan during the Century of Early Foreign Intercourse (1542-1651)," - by James Murdoch and Isoh Yamagata, - which was published at Kobe last winter. This important work contains much documentary material never before printed, and throws new light upon the religious history of the period. The authors are inclined to believe that, allowing for numerous apostasies, the total number of Christians in Japan at no time much exceeded 300,000; and the reasons given for this opinion, if not conclusive, are at least very strong. Perhaps the most interesting chapters are those dealing with the Machiavellian policy of Hideyoshi in his attitude to the foreign religion and its preachers, but there are few dull pages in the book. Help to a correct understanding of the history of the time is furnished by an excellent set of maps, showing the distribution of the great fiefs and the political partition of the country before and after the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Not the least merit of the work is its absolute freedom from religious bias of any sort.
INDEX
Ability, slight opportunity for, to rise, 410-411.
Adams, Will, 254, 313; interviewed by Iyeyasu, 314-316, favoured
by the Emperor, 316-317; quoted concerning Hideyori's intrigues
and fate. 322-323.
Adoption, custom of, in patriarchal family, 59, 64-65; marriage
signified merely, 64; modern practices regarding, 386.
Adultery, enactments of Iyeyasu regarding, 345-346.
Affection, limitations placed on, 69 ff.
Age of the Gods, period called the, 259.
Agnosticism, Buddhism is not. 213, 220.
Agriculture, gods of, 126, 153-154; no degradation attached to
pursuit of, 245.
Akindo, the commercial class, 246-247. See Commerce.
Alcestis, the Japanese woman might be compared to, 366.
Ancestors, imperial, worship of the, 108-123, 279-280.
Ancestor-worship, introduction to religion of, 21-32; the real
religion of Japan, 21; summary of the three forms of, 21-22;
the family-cult of, 21-22, 25-26; characteristics of earliest,
24 ff.; stability of, in Japan for two thousand years, 32;
summary of beliefs surviving from, 31; three stages of, 33-34;
evolution of permanent form from funeral-rites, 34-51:
characteristics of religion of, to-day, 51-53; bearing of, on
family-organization of, 55 ff. ; marriage under the religion
of, 107 ff. ; four classes of, to-day, 123-124; accommodation
of Buddhism to, 183-184; toleration of ancient European, by
Roman Catholicism, 191; Buddhist theory of rebirths reconciled
to, 195 n.; Confucian system founded on, 177-178, 292; needless
attacks on, account for smallness of result, of modern missions,
339, 473-475; protection of, by modern laws, 385-388; obstacles
presented to Christianity by, 473-475.
"Ancient Japanese Rituals", 43 n. See Satow.
Animals, absence of cruelty to, 12-13; kindness to, taught by
Buddhism, 196-197.
Animism, development of, 131-132.
Antigone, comparison of the Japanese woman to, 366.
Apes, images of Koshin's symbolic, 200.
Apprentices, obligation of, to avenge masters, 293; past and
present position of, 406.
Architecture, displayed in Buddhist temples, 199-200.
Arima, lord of Shimabara, 324, 325.
Army, birth of modern, 376: pay of officers in, 412.
Art, knowledge of Japanese religion necessary to understanding
of, 2-3; introduction by Buddhism, 197-198, 204, 459; forms of,
in Buddhist temples, 198-199; expulsion of Jesuits, a fortunate
thing for, 341-342; causes which tended to production of a
multitude of objects of, 356; effect of modern industrial
conditions on, 451.
Artizans, gods of, 124-125; clans of, 235; position of, under
quasi-feudal system, 245-246; organizations of, see Guilds.
Arts, developed in Japan under Buddhist teaching, 188; progress
of the, under Iyeyasu, 279.
Asada, Lieutenant, suicide of widow of, 289.
Asceticism, Shinto, 149-150.
Ashikaga shogunate, 271-273. Sec undo Iyeyasu.
Aston, W.G., translation of the Nihongi by, cited, 38, 39, 112 n.,
151 n., 164 n., 232 n., 234 n.; "Early Japanese History"
by, cited, 259 n.
Bambetsu, "Foreign Branch", the mass of people, 235-236.
Banishment, punishment by, 96-99.
Banner-supporters (hatamoto), 243.
Bateren, Roman Catholic priests, 311 n.
Bato-Kwannon, images of, 200.
Behaviour, sumptuary regulations as to, 173-174; proclamation of
Shotoku Taishi regarding, 359-360.
Births, regulations as to presents on occasions of, 165;
registration of, by Buddhist priests, 203-204.
Black, an Englishman, as a Japanese story-teller, 10-11.
Bon-odori, dances of the festival of the dead, 202.
Boundaries, gods of, 130.
Bow, etiquette of the, 174.
Boys, conduct of, regulated by the community, 89-90; proverb
regarding mischievousness of, 421.
Buddhism, Japanese name for (Butsudo), 21; mortuary tablets of,
42-43, 201; the dead according to, and Shinto, 47-48; entry of,
into Japan, 183-184; disestablishment of (1871), 107-109; charm
of, to Western thinkers, 209-210; summary of teachings of,
under Emperor Temmu, 239; obstacles to establishment of
religious hierarchy by, 251; military development of, 269-270;
violent end to militant, 275-276; jesuitism mistaken for a new
kind of, 332-334; no essential of Shinto weakened by, 379-380.
Buke, the military class, 241.
Butsudan, household-shrine, 42.
Butsudo, "The Way of the Buddha", 21.
Capital, danger to Japan from foreign, 465-466, 473.
Carpenters, religious rites preformed by, 125; organizations of,
403-404.
Castes, division of society into, 236.
Cauldron and saucepan, god of the, 129.
Celibacy, forbidden by early religion, 58; condemned by code of
Iyeyasu, 349.
Charms, to protect houses, 147 n.
Chastisement, punishment by, 95-96, 421.
Chiara, Giuseppe, 327 n.
Chieftainship, hereditary, 235.
China, date of introduction of spirit-tablet from, 24; religion
of filial piety in, 49-50; belief as to the Demon-Gate imported
from, 130; penal codes imported from, 176; arts and learning
of, taught by Buddhism, 201; civilization of, brought to Japan
by Buddhism, 203; harakiri, perhaps introduced from, 286;
Jesuit policy in, 331; cause for hatred of Western religion in,
474; integrity of, depends on mission-policy, 479-480.
Chori, pariahs, 247-250.
Chosku, clan of, 367, 368, 372, 374.
"Chronicles of Nihon", see Nihongi.
Christianity, assumption that individualism would be produced by,
471; obstacles to, presented by religion of ancestor-worship,
479-481. See Jesuits and Missions.
Chi-U, the condition of, 191 n.
Circle of Perpetual Hunger for wicked ghosts, 191.
Clan, cult of the, 81-83.
Clans, number of, in ancient Japan, 83; three great classes of,
235-236; early society an aggregation of, 236-237, 252-253;
wars between the military, for supremacy, 267 ff.; misery one
result of break-up of, 447-449.
Cleanliness exacted by Shinto, 145-146.
Coffins, size regulated by law, 179.
Colour-prints, production of, 357.
Commerce, contempt for, 246; Portuguese, a help to Jesuit
missionary work, 334-335; rise to power, 446; dangers resulting
from the rise of, 447-452.
Communism not a modern growth, 255.
Competition, undesirability of, 414-416; Government aid to
national industrial, 451-452.
Concubines, under patriarchal system, 58, 68-69, 74; remarks of
Iyeyasu regarding, 68, 348.
Confucianism, influence of, in Japan, 187-188, 292 ff.
Conscience, doctrine of, admitted by Buddhism, 196.
Coulanges, Fustel de, 52, 264, 449; quoted, 27, 67.
Courtesy, legal regulation of, 173-176.
Craft-gods, 124, 153-154.
Crafts, effect of Buddhism on, 188; guilds connected with, 246,
252, 402-405.
Crucifixion of Christians at Nagasaki, 307.
Cruelty to animals, apparent absence of, 12-13; punishment of,
after death, 197.
Daimyo, lords of provinces, 242; conversion of, to Jesuitism,
304; Jesuits work with aid of, 304, 306,308, 339; protection of
peasantry against, 396.
Dai-Nihon-Shi, compilation of, 370.
Dances, sacred, 142-143; of the festival of the dead, 202.
Dancing, Japanese, 202 n. 2.
Dan-no-ura, sea-fight of, 267.
Daughter, gradation of terms signifying, 171.
Daughters, sale of, 72, 75 n.
Daughters-in-law, custom as to, 64-65.
Dead, early conceptions of fate of, 25-28; rites in honour of,
34-46; poems in praise of, 35; Buddhist doctrine of, 47;
effects of Buddhism on worship of, 191-192.
Death, penalty of, inflicted for slight offences, 178-179; matters relating to, regulated by law, 179.
Debtors, reduction of, to slavery, 234.
Deities, punishments by tutelar, 102-105; lesser Shinto, 108.
See Gods and Ujigami.
Demeanour, regulation of, 173-176; cultivation of, as an art,
359-361.
Demon-Gate, the, 130.
Dependants, under the patriarchal system, 76-78, 231-234;
conservative attitude of, 400; position of employes in
commercial houses, 406; position of maid-servants, 407-409.
Deportment, code of, 173.
Discipline, strength of, in Old Japan, 159-182.
Divination, systems of, 150-152; not used in warfare, 152.
Divorce, in ancient family system, 58, 69-70, 73, 75; the new
laws about, 386.
Dominicans in Japan, 307; reckless zeal of, 338.
Drama, introduction by Buddhism, 204; the age of popular, 357; incidents of real tragedy reproduced in, 290-291.
Dress, restrictions as to, 166-168.
Dutch, assistance of, in putting down Shimabara Revolt, 326-327;
effect on status of, of Shimabara Revolt, 329-330.
Ear-Monument, the, 277.
Education, effect of Buddhism on, 202-203; introduction of modern
system of, 376; of the State, 419-441; the sustaining of, by
personal sacrifices, 435-436; of students abroad, 439-441.
Emma (Yama), judge of the dead, 199.
Emperor, application of term, to early rulers, incorrect, 237.
Enactments of the Kumi, 91-94.
Eta, people, the, 98, 247-250.
Etiquette, cultivation of, in Tokugawa period, 359-361.
Evolution, Buddhism a theory of, 210.
Execution, account of an early, 177-178.
Exports, rise in value of, 451.
Expression, etiquette of, 173.
Factory-life, horrors of modern, 452.
Families of the nobility, number of, 241.
Family, definition of Japanese term, 22; basis of the ancient,
55-57; obligation to perpetuate the, 58-59; constitution of the
patriarchal, 60-79.
Farmers, the rank of, 244-245; secured against undue oppression,
396-397. See Agriculture.
Father, gradation of terms signifying, 171.
Feast-days, Shinto, 103, 137:
Fencing, Japanese, an example of antipodal action, 7-8.
Festival of the dead, dances of the, 202.
Festival-processions, Shinto, 103.
Festivals of the Ujigami, 84, 137, 140-142; laws as to presents
at boys', 165: Shin-Sho-Sai, 245; temple, 84, 459.
Feudalism, Japanese so-called, 230-238, 253.
Flower-arrangement, art of, 358-359.
Flower-daughter, the, 64.
Food, the use by ghosts of, 29-30; offerings of, to the dead, 29-30,
45; offerings to the gods, 53 n., 138, 140, 141; for the dead
might not be eaten by children, 51 n.: laws as to, at weddings
and funerals, 165; offerings of, to Pretas, 191; decree
forbidding use of flesh for, 196; Buddhist offerings of, 201; recent increase in price of, 412 n.
"Forty-seven Ronin", story of the, 295-296: tombs of the, 297 n.
Four Deva Kings, the, 260; temple of, 200.
Franciscans in Japan, 307 ff.
Freedmen, class of, 233, 234-235.
Freemasonry in Japan, 472 n.
Fujiwara clan, rise of the, 260-261; duration of rule of, 260,
266, 281; final degeneration of, 266-267.
Funeral-rites, ancient, 34-46.
Funerals, laws as to food at, 165; laws governing. 179.
Gardening, first development of, under Buddhism, 188; modern, 404.
Gardens, holiness of, 154.
Ghost-house, 36, 56; transformation of, into Shinto temples, 62.
Ghosts, ancestor-worship coeval with belief in, 24; identified in
early beliefs with gods, 25, 46-48, 55.
Ghost-ships, Buddhist, 202.
Girl-priestesses in Shinto temples, 142-143.
Girls in service, position of, 407-409.
Go, definition of, 64 n.
Goblins, admitted to exist by Buddhism, 190-191.
Go-Daigo, Mikado, revolt of, against Hojo, 270; later
vicissitudes of, 270-271.
Gods, no early difference between ghosts and, 25, 55; development
of distinction, between greater and lesser, 25-26; early
conceptions of, compared with Greek and Roman, 27-28: the dead
and, 46-48; the minor, 108; all Japanese considered as, in one
sense, 118: of crookedness, 118-119; of crafts and callings,
118-119; number of Shinto, worshipped, 127-128; of the house,
130-131; the great number of, 133-134; of industry, 153-154;
identity of Shinto and Buddhist evil, 190-191.
God-shelves, 124; daily prayers before, 134-136; religious charms
on, 147 n.
Go-Kameyama, Emperor, 272.
Go-Komatsu, Emperor, 272.
Goshi yeomanry, 243.
Go-Toba, Emperor, works at sword. making, 245.
Go-Tsuchi-mikado, Emperor, 273.
Government, identity of, with religion, 90-91.
Graves, legal dimensions of, 179; white lanterns at, 202.
Greeks, parallels drawn between Japanese and, 15-16, 27-28, 34,
36, 57, 59, 65, 67, 70, 78, 89, 99, 148, 169, 202 n., 229, 264,
443-444, 446.
Guilds, 246, 252; religious organization of, 124-125; modern workings of, 402-403.
Hachiman, the war god, 83; acknowledgment of, in Buddhism, 190.
Hades, development of belief in, 25.
Hair, class indicated by method of wearing, 233.
Harakiri, custom of, 285-286; instance of, in Russian war, 464.
Harmony, Japanese sense of, in tints and colors. 8.
Heavenly sovereigns, worship of the, 108-109; maintained through
years of revolt, 279-280.
Heimin, "common folk", 247.
Hell, according to Buddhism, 195.
Hidetada, son of Iyeyasu, 321-322.
Hideyoshi, career of, 276-277; attitude of, toward Jesuits,
306-307.
Hinin, a wandering pariah, 98; "not-human-beings", 250.
Hirata, great Shinto commentator, 27, 369; quoted, 47, 49, 56,
111, 116, 117, 119, 120-121, 122, 134-135, 145, 161; banishment
and death of, 372.
History, scientific knowledge of Japanese, impossible, 1; legendary, 259-260; beginning of authentic, 260.
Hitagaki, the "human hedge", 34.
Hitogata, "mankind-shapes", 147-148.
Hitotsubashi, Shogun, 374.
Hiyei-san, monastery buildings burnt at, 275.
Hizen, clan of, 372.
Hojo, supremacy of the, 268; defeat of and extinction, 270.
Home, gods of the, 129-130.
Honesty, Japanese, 13.
Hongwanji, Shin sect of, 275.
Horyfuji, the temple called, 200.
House, building of, a religious act, 125, 130-131; gods of the, 129.
Houses, size of, prescribed by law, 164, 165, 166; of prostitution,
enactment of Iyeyasu regarding, 347; operation of labour-unions when building, 403-404.
Husband, seven terms for, 171.
Husbands, position of adopted, 64-65.
Huxley, T. H., quoted concerning industrial reform, 452-453.
"I", gradations of the pronoun. 171.
Ibuku Mogusa, extract from, 305.
Ihai, "soul-commemoration", Buddhist mortuary tablets, 42, 201.
Images, Buddhist, 459; setting up of, 200-201.
Imperial ancestors, worship of the, 108-109; duration of,
279-280.
Individual, obligations of the, under patriarchal system, 88-99;
relation of, to the Ujigami, 120-121; freedom of, did not
exist, 158, 253-254; modern recognition of, 376; now free in
theory, in practice like his forefathers, 384-387, 391-392;
Government official authority over the, 409-416.
Individualism, assumption that Christianity would produce, 471.
Industry, developed in Japan under Buddhist teachings, 188;
development of, under Iyeyasu, 279.
Industry, gods of, 124-125, 153-154.
Irregularity, the aesthetie value of, 8.
Ise, shrines of, 122.123-124; every Japanese expected to visit,
123-124; worship at shrines of, 138-139.
Ishijima, suicide of wife of, 290.
Isolation, causes for policy of, 329.
Ito, Marquis, policy of, 390.
Iyemochi, Shogun, 374.
Iyeyasu, Tokugawa, apotheosis of, 127; enactment of, concerning
rudeness, 175; powers of daimyo restricted by, 242; Will Adams
created a samurai by, 254; sketch of career of, 277-278; decree
of, concerning suicide, 285; decree concerning code of
vengeance, 293; persecution of Christians by, 307, 308, 320-321;
interviews with Will Adams, 314-315; castle of Osaka
stormed and burnt by, 322; Legacy of, 68, 319, 345-351, 360.
Izanagi, the legend concerning, 40, 112-117.
Izumo, farming forbidden to samurai in, 244-245.
Izumo temple, the, 122; worship at, 138, 139, 142-143.
Jesuitism, effect of, on Japan, 328: causes of early success of,
330-337; policy of, in China, 331, 337; inability of, to adapt
itself to Japanese social conditions, 341.
Jesuits, arrival of, in Japan, 304; favoured by Nobunaga, 304-305;
persecutions of, 304-305, 307-308; partial expulsion of, 321;
revolt of peasantry managed by, 324-325; final crushing of, 327.
Jigai, method of suicide for women, 287.
Jimmu, Emperor, 259; offerings at tomb of, 37.
Jingo, Emperor, legend of Korean conquest by, 259.
Jinrikisha-men, code of, 401-402.
Jito, Empress, edict of, concerning slavery, 234 n.
Jizo, playmate of infant ghosts, 199; first production of icons
of, 200.
Joyousness of existence, Japanese, 12-13.
Junshi, voluntary self-sacrifice, 39-40; decree of Iyeyasu puts
stop to, 285-286.
Kami, "gods", 27; significance of, 46-47; devotion to, the first
of duties according to Iyeyasu, 350.
Kannushi, office of, 138-140.
Karma, metaphysics of, 220, 221, 222, 224.
Kasuga, the deity of, 83.
Kataki-uchi, custom of, 294-295.
Kiyomasa, Kato, apotheosis of, 127.
Kobetsu, imperial families, 235.
Kobodaishi, 185.
Ko-ji-ki, "Record of Ancient Matters", 110-111, 126, 131;
extracts from, 112-114.
Korea, Buddhism brought into Japan from (552 A.D.), 184;
Hideyoshi's war against, 277.
Koshin, protector of highways, 200.
Kotoku, Emperor, 39, 265; edict of, concerning slaves, 232 n.
Ko-uji, "lesser families", 60, 230.
Kublai Khan, invasion by, 269.
Kuge, noble families, 241.
Kukai, founder of Shingon sect, 185.
Kumi-enactment's of, 91-92.
Kumi-system, the, 91-94, 168-169.
Kwambaku, "regent", office of the, established, 262.
Kwannon, Goddess of Mercy, 199.
"La Cite Antique", de Coulanges', cited, 27, 34, 67, 443, 449.
Landscape-gardeners, union of the, 404-405.
Language, impossibility of mastering, by adult Occidental, 9;
conventional organization of, 170-172; rules governing use of,
171-172.
Law, method and manner of administration, 351-353.
Laws, sumptuary, 164-180.
Laws of Iyeyasu, the, 278.
Laws of Shotoku Taishi, 344-345.
Legacy of Iyeyasu, 68, 319, 345-351, 360.
Libraries under the Tokugawa regime, 357, 370.
Literature, qualifications essential for an understanding of
Japanese, 2-3; introduction of Chinese, 187-188; introduction
or development by Buddhism, 204; under the patronage of
Iyeyasu, 279; development of, in Tokugawa period, 357; the
party of, 370-372, 375-376.
Mabuchi, Shinto commentator, 159-160, 260, 369.
Maid-servants, position of, 407-409.
Manners, laws as to, 173-176.
Marriage, obligatory in ancient Japan, 58; in patriarchal family,
58-60, 64-67; signified adoption only, 64; a chief duty of
filial piety, 65; ceremony of, 65-67; of servants, 77-78;
modern innovations in, 385-386; service by girls merely a
preparation for, 407-408.
Masashige, Kusunoki, 50.
Massacre of Shimabara, 325-327.
Massacres, of priests by Nobunaga, 251; caused by Christian
attacks on domestic faiths, 475, 479.
Matsuri-goto, "matters of worship", 32.
Matsuri, temple-festivals, 84.
Meat, forbidden for food, 196-197; forbidden as offerings by
Buddhism, 201.
Merchants, place of, in social ranking, 246; modern rise of, to
power, 446.
Metempsychosis, no doctrine of, in Shinto, 55 ff., 189-190.
Mikado, God of the Living, 122-125; usurpation of powers of, 260-266.
Miko, girl-priestesses, 142-143.
Mimidzuka, "Ear-monument", 277.
Minamoto, regency of the, 267-268.
Mionoseki, Eta settlement at, 249.
Miracle-plays performed by Jesuits, 334.
Missions, Christian, causes of small results of modern, 339, 473-476;
consideration of work of foreign 476-478; importance of policy of,
in Far East, 479-480. See Jesuits.
Mitama-San-no-tana, "shelf of the august spirits", 42.
Mitama-shiro, "spirit-substitutes", 42.
Mitamaya, "august-spirit-dwelling." 42.
Mitsukuni, Prince of Mito, 370.
Miya, "august house", 36, 42.
Money, first appearance of, 447.
Monism, higher Buddhism a species of, 210, 220-222.
Mother, nine terms signifying, 171.
Motowori, Shinto commentator, 368.
Mourning-houses, 36; Shinto temple, evolve from, 41-42.
Mythology, of the reigning house, 119; summary of the Japanese,
115-116.
Nakatomi, noble family of, 241.
Nature, controlled by ghosts of ancestors, according to Shinto,
106; Buddhist interpretation of, 192-194.
Nihongi, "Chronicles of Nihon", 110, 111, 115-116, 126; cited,
38-39, 112 n., 164 n., 196 n., 232 n., 234 n., 360 n.
Nirvana, not preached to common Japanese people, 189, 194-195.
Nobility, origin of the, 241-242. See Daimyo.
Nobunaga, Oda, massacres of priests by, 251; career of, 274-276;
Jesuits favored by, 304-305.
Obedience, rules of, 48-49, 63, 157, (see Filial Piety); modern
reversion to law of, 63, 377-378; of individual to the
community, 89-99.
Offerings, to the dead, 37; meat forbidden as, 201.
Officers, army pay of, 412.
O-harai, ceremony of purification, 144-147.
Oho-kuni-nushi-no-Kami, 120, 122; Rough and Gentle Spirits of, 126.
Ojin, Emperor, 83; Korean immigration in reign of, 260.
Osaka, Temple of the Four Deva Kings at, 200; military headquarters
of the Shin sect at, 275; Iyeyasu storms castle of, 322.
Ostracism, the punishment by, 95-96; student, 423-424.
O-uji, "great families", 60-62, 252.
Outcasts, the class of, 98, 247, 250.
"Outlines of the Mahayana Philosophy", Kuroda's, 214-215, 222.
Painting, effect of Buddhism on, 188; examples of, in temples,
198-199.
Panama railroad, debt of, to religion of filial piety, 50.
Papacy, interference of, in Jesuit missionary system, 337-338.
Parents, rights of, in patriarchal system, 70-72.
Pariahs, class of, 98, 247-250.
Parliament, convocation of, first, 377
Peasants, revolt of, 324-325; security of, against oppression,
395-396; in the quasi-feudal system, 244-245. See Farmers.
Perry, Commodore, advent of, 374.
Poems in praise of the dead, 35.
Poetry, contests in, during Tokugawa period, 358.
Politeness as an art, 359-361.
Politics, modern Japanese, 389.
Pollution, death regarded as, 40-41.
Polygyny, in ancient society, 67-69.
Population, alien elements in, 16-17.
Porcelains, Japanese, 9, 356-357.
Poverty, resulting from modern industrial revolution, 446-451.
Prayer, prescribed by Hirata. 134; daily, 134-137.
Presents, sumptuary laws concerning, 165, 168.
Pretas, wicked ghosts, 191.
Priests, Shinto, office and powers of, 86-87, 101-105, 139-140;
Buddhist, as teachers, 203-204; ranked with the samurai, 247;
massacres of, in the sixteenth century, 251; Buddhist, as
warriors, 269, 275-276. See Jesuits.
Privacy, lack of, in Japan ancient and modern, 100.
Professions, under divine patronage, 153-154.
Pronouns, rules as to use of, 171.
Property, laws of succession to, in Old Japan, 72-73.
Psychology, difference between Eastern and Western, 9.
Punishment of school-children, 421-422.
Punishment, severity of, under ancient system, 94-95, 176-177; by
communities, 94-99; by tutelar deities, 102-105; laws as to,
175-177.
Purification, ceremonies of, 144-115; by ascetic practices, 148-150.
Rebirth, doctrine of, inconsistent with early Japanese beliefs, 55;
the Buddhist idea of, and ancestor-worship, 193 n.
Reform, agitation for industrial. 452-454.
Regency, growth of the, 262-264; usurpation of power by the, 264-267.
Registrars, Buddhist priests become public, 203-204.
Relationship, gradation of nouns indicating, 171.
Religion, summary of three forms of Shinto, 21-22; of final piety,
48-51, 57, 65, 188, 459; the basis of organization of patriarchal
family, 57, 64; marriage a rite of, 65-67: identity of government
with, 100, 101; metaphysics of Buddhist, 207-228; origin in, of
customs of the vendetta, 295; tolerance of, by Iyeyasu (except
Roman Catholicism), 349-350; the life of the Japanese people,
463-464; obstacles to propagation of the Western, in the Far East,
479. See Ancestor-worship and Missions.
Responsibility from above downward, 395-400.
"Review of the Introduction of Christianty into China and Japan",
quoted from, 305.
Revolution, modern industrial, 445-449; dangers of a social,
448-451.
Rice-pot, goddess of the, 130.
"Riddle of the Universe", Haeckel's cited, 221.
Roads, under the protection of Buddhist deities, 130.
Romans, ancient, parallels between Japanese and, 27, 29, 34, 57,
65, 67, 70, 78, 99, 148, 169, 229, 234, 264, 443, 444, 446.
Rudeness, Japanese definition of, 175.
Russia, the war with, 462-463.
Ryobu-Shinto, establishment of; 185-186.
Sacrifices, history of all religious, traceable to offerings to
ghosts, 30; ancient funeral, 37-38; origin of human, 284; of
one's family, 290-291. See Junshi.
Samurai, class of the, 243, 251; obligation of, to perform
harakiri, 287; suppression of, 376.
Saris, Captain, account by, of an execution, 177-178; quoted, 318.
Satow, Sir Earnest, quoted, 43 n., 49, 68, 126 n., 141, 142,
160-161, 312 n., 333.
Satsuma, clan of the, 367, 372.
Scarecrows, god of, 130, 135, 153.
Scholarship, advance of, in Tokugawa period, 369-370.
School, training of children in, 421-425.
Schools, connected with Buddhist temples, 203; Government, 424-425.
Sculpture, developed in Japan under Buddhist teachings, 188;
displayed in roadside images, 200, 459.
Sekigahara, battle of, 278.
Self-control, legal enforcement of, 173-174.
Seppuku, Chinese term for harakiri, 287.
Servants, in Old Japan, 76-78; conservative attitude of, 400;
position of maid, 407-408. See Apprentices and Dependants.
"Shadow-Shogun", the, 268; deposition of, 267.
Shelf of the august spirits, 42.
Shimabara Revolt, the, 324-325.
Shimonoseki, Bombardment of, 374.
Shin, sect of, defeated by Nobunaga, 275-276.
Shinbetsu, "divine branch" of families, 235.
Shin-Shir-Sai, the Ninth Festival, 245.
Shinto, signification, 21; forms of worship, 21-22; the morals
of, 100-101; relation to Japanese mythology to, summarized,
115-134; origin of gods of the house in, 129-130; greater gods
of, acknowledged by Buddhism, 190; restoration of, 374; no
essential of Buddhism weakened by, 379-380. See Ancestor-worship.
Shogun, authority of the, 241, 251-252: significance of term, 267;
extension of power of the, 267-268.
Shogunate, beginning of the history of, 267; abolition of the, 374.
Shorei-Hikki, "Record of Ceremonies", 66.
Shoryobune, "ghost-ships;" 202.
Shrines, worship at, 121, 123, 138-139.
Sickness, charms against, 147-148.
Sisters of Charity, comparison of Japanese women to, 366.
Smile, rules and regulations about the, 173-174.
Socialism, not a modern growth, 255.
Societies, secret, 472 n.
Society, organization of Old Japanese, 229-258.
Sociology, difficulties in studying Japanese, 1-2.
Soga brothers, the, apotheosis of, 127.
Sohodo-no-kami, god of scarecrows. 130, 135, 153.
Son, eleven graded terms signifying, 171.
Sons-in-law, significant motto concerning, 64; customs as to,
64-65.
Speech, non-existence of freedom of, 170; regulations of forms
of, 171-173.
Spirits, Rough and Gentle, 126.
Story-teller, an Englishman who is a professional Japanese,
10-11.
Strangulation, suicide by, 286.
Student-revolts, significance and results of, 398-399.
Students, private means furnished for education of, 435-436;
education of abroad, 437-438. See Education.
Subsidies, Government, to industries, 451.
Succession laws, in Old Japan, 72-73.
Sugiwara-no-Michizane, spirit of, 127.
Suicide, by the sword, 39-40; customs as to, 286-290; modern
instances of female, 289; instances of, in Russian war, 464 n.
See Harakiri and Junshi.
Sulko, Empress, 260, 261.
Suinin, Emperor, abolishes the "human hedge", 38.
Sun, daily greeting to the, 135-136.
Sun-goddess, worship of, 109-110, 116-117; acknowledged by
Buddhism, 190; offerings of first fruits to, by Emperor, 245 n.
Surgeons, efficiency of Japanese, 441.
Sword-making, most sacred of crafts, 125, 154, 245-246.
Swords, wearing of, prohibited, 376.
Tables, mortuary, 42-43; Buddhist mortuary (ihai), 201.
Taira, rise and fall of the, 266-267.
Taishi, Shotoku, proclamation of, regarding politeness, 359-360.
Takatoki, sacrifical suicide by the sword originated by, 39.
Takayama, a Japanese Jesuit, 321.
Take-no-uji-no-Sukune, apotheosis of, 127.
"Tales of Old Japan", Mitford's, 247, 295.
Tattooing of slaves, 232.
Tea-ceremony, in Tokugawa period, 358-359.
Teachers, Buddhist priests as, 202-203; duties to, same as to
fathers, 294; salaries of, 412; relation of, to pupils, 422;
transformation stages in attitude of, pupils toward, 431-433.
Temmu, Emperor, decree of, forbidding use of meat, 196;
reorganization of castes by, 236; reign of, 237.
Temple of the Four Deva Kings at Osaka, 200.
Temples, Shinto, evolved from mourning-houses, 41; Shinto parish
dedicated to Uji-gods (Ujigami), 82-84; Shinto, of the first
grade, 121; Shinto, classification of, 123; forms of art in
Buddhist, 198-199; notable examples of, 200; schools connected
with, 203; Buddhist, burned by Jesuits, 306, 308; Shinto, in
Formosa, 388; number of Shinto, at present, 470; memorial
character of new, 470.
Terakoya, drama of, 291.
Thieves sentenced to slavery, 234.
Togo, Vice-Admiral, reply of, to Imperial message, 463.
Tokugawa, shogunate of, Japanese civilization reaches limit of
development under, 343. See Iyeyasu.
Tokyo, widespread poverty in, resulting from industrial revolution, 446.
Tools, surprising shapes of, 7; sacredness of, 153.
Toshogu, Iyeyasu worshipped under name of, 127.
Trade, mean rank of those engaged in, 246. See Commerce.
Tragedy, Japanese, founded on fact, 290-291.
Ujigami, original relation of community to, 81-82; as clan-deities,
82-84; offences against, 88; relation of the individual to,
120-121; cults of, maintained, and not supplanted, by
Buddhism, 379.
Uneme-no-kami, Takenaka, 324.
University, students at the, 425-426.
Utensils, domestic, sacredness of, 153; art displayed in, 357.
Uyernon no Hyoge, decree concerning junshi disobeyed by, 285.
Variety to be found in Japanese form of civilization, 256-257.
Vendetta, religious origin for customs of, 295.
Vengeance, the duty of, 292-293; Iyeyasu's decree concerning code
of, 293.
Verb, etiquette governing uses of the, 171-172.
Vice, Iyeyasu on suppression of, 346-347.
Village-laws, peasants' 395-396.
Wages of maid-servants, 408.
"Wanderings of Cain", Coleridge's, 122.
War, ten centuries of, following rise of military power, 259-267;
against Korea, 277; with peasantry, 324-325; with Russia, 462-463.
Warfare, divination in, 152.
Way of the Buddha, the (Butsudo), 21.
Way of the Gods, the (Shinto), 21, 41.
Weddings, customs as to, 65-67; laws as to food at, 73; presents
at, 165-166.
Whipping, infrequency of now, as punishment, 421. See Punishments.
Wife, gradation of terms signifying, 171.
Wine, Buddhist forbids offerings of, 201.
Woman, tribute paid to the Japanese, 361-362.
Women, mourning rites intrusted to, 43; position of, in old
Japanese family, 73-74; as priestesses, 143; forms of speech
for use of, 172; methods of suicide for, 287; modern instances
of suicide by, 289, 290; duty of vengeance performed by, 293.
Worship, three forms of Shinto, 21-22 (See Ancestor-worship); of
Imperial ancestors, 108-109; of Sun-goddess, 109-110; at
shrines, 119; phallic, 132.
Yama, judge of the dead, 198-199.
Yamaguchi, land granted to Jesuits at. 332-333.
Yamato-damashi, "The Soul of Yamato", 159.
Yedo, obligatory residence of daimyo in, 278; Iyeyasu, the founder of, 279.
Yeizan, Buddhist high priest, 351.
Yuriaku, Emperor, deaths inflicted by, for rudeness, 176.